Observing Stars Essays - Electromagnetic Radiation,

Observing Stars Observing Stars Our view of the sky at night is possible because of the emission and reflection of light. 'Light' is the better-known term for the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes waves in the visible, ultra-violet, infra-red, microwave, radio, X-ray and gamma-ray regions. The scale of the spectrum is so large that no region is distinct, several overlap each other. Each of these regions in the electromagnetic spectrum represent transverse waves, travelling as electrical and magnetic fields which interact perpendicularly to each other, with different ranges of wavelength. The magnetic field oscillates vertically and the electric field horizontally, and each field induces the other. By the end of the nineteenth century, Maxwell gave a realistic value for c, the speed of light: c = __1__ = 3 x 108 ms-1 ?(mo eo) The relationship between the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, wavelength (l) and frequency (f) is shown to be c = l f. Because the Universe is so vast, interstellar distances are so great that light emitted can take upwards of millions of years to reach us. Such large distances are often measured in ?light-years'; one light-year (ly) is the distance travelled by a wave of light in a year. Because of the massive speed of light and distances, the light arriving at us would have left the object many years ago, so that looking at a far away star is much like looking back in time. Scientific observation of the stars is difficult because of the distorting effect of the Earth's atmosphere. One problem is atmospheric refraction-where light is bent. Turbulent air currents cause varying refractive indices, as there is no uniform air density. This causes an effect called scintillation, where stars appear to twinkle. The effect on regions of the electromagnetic spectrum other than the visible part, such as the absorption of certain frequencies by atmospheric chemicals, and the reflection of waves by charged molecules in the ionosphere, means that some spectral data is simply invisible to us on Earth. The Earth receives electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths from all directions in space, but most of the electromagnetic spectrum is blocked out by the atmosphere well above the Earth's surface, where our eyes and instruments are mostly based. However, wavelengths from only two regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are able to penetrate the atmosphere. These two spectral windows in the atmosphere through which we can observe the Universe are called the optical window-which allows the visible wavelength region through; and the radio window-which includes the wavelength region from about 1 mm to 30 m. The telescopes used by astronomers on the ground are therefore classed as optical and radio telescopes. Optical telescopes work by either reflecting or refracting light, using lenses or curved mirrors to focus the light from a subject to form an image. Radio telescopes consist of a parabolic reflector and receiver on which the waves are focused. The gathering and resolving power de pend on the diameter of the antenna. Radio observations are unaffected by the weather or time of day, and because of the larger wavelength of radio waves, dust in space and atmospheric convection currents are not a problem. Radio astronomy is used in the chemical analysis of elements (by emission and absorption spectra); to detect the motion of bodies due to the Doppler effect; and in investigation into the early Universe and the Big Bang. We can analyse radio waves from the centres of galaxies, including our own. Despite the radio window, there are still wavelengths that do not penetrate the atmosphere. Some radio waves are reflected from the ionosphere, part of the thermosphere, where streams of charged particles from the sun ionise gas molecules: this is photo-ionisation. Ultra-violet radiation, X-rays and gamma-rays are also absorbed at this layer. Absorption of the electromagnetic spectrum at various altitudes above Earth occurs to varying degrees. Much infra-red radiation does not reach ground level because of absorption in the upper atmosphere by water, and some carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules that lie between the ground and about 15 km of altitude (the troposphere). Ozone (tri-oxygen) and di-oxygen in the stratosphere absorbs much of the ultra-violet radiation (hence the ?ozone layer' at about 30km). A side effect of the ozone layer is that molecules re-radiate

Geothermal Energy †How a Power Plant Works

Geothermal Energy – How a Power Plant Works Free Online Research Papers Generating electricity through the use of geothermal heat is called geothermal power. Geothermal energy is captured by tapping into sources where cooler water from the surface has seeped down into Earth’s crust. As the water goes deeper it heats up because the Earth’s center is very hot. As the water heats up it becomes hot enough to start rising to the surface. By drilling into these sources, it opens a route to the surface for the pressurized water. The geothermal power plants are built over these areas so that they can use the heated water rising to the surface. Today, there are three types of methods to utilize the heated water. All methods use the heated water drawn from the surface. The water is then forced back down into the Earth to prolong the life of the heat source. Geothermal power is generally thought of as a renewable resource. If the water wasn’t forced back down into the Earth then the source would eventually be depleted. In the â€Å"dry steam† method, where steam is rising to the surface, the rising steam simply goes directly through a turbine and then into an area where the steam is condensed back to liquid water. In the â€Å"flash steam† method, where hot water is rising to the surface, extra machinery depressurizes or â€Å"flashes† the water into steam, which is then used to drive a turbine. The last method, the â€Å"binary† method, the hot water passes through a device called a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is transferred to a liquid that usually has a lower boiling temperatu re than water. The other liquid boils at a lower temperature than water, so it is easier to convert into steam to drive the turbine. This other liquid is kept in a closed loop, so it is not lost. Geothermal power plants use the steam to drive turbines. As the steam is turning the turbine, the steam is doing work. The mechanical energy of the working steam is transferred into the rotation of the turbine. An electric generator converts the mechanical rotational energy of the turbine into electricity. The resulting electric current then runs into the power grid and is part of the electricity sent to power homes, etc. There are currently not enough geothermal power plants to provide the energy need to power a city like Las Vegas, but the plants spread across our country contribute to the powering nearly three million homes. In the process of drawing the steam or hot water to the surface, geothermal heat is lost to the surrounding material, though not in big enough amounts to heavily effect the operation. Throughout the entire process heat is lost to the air and to the materials enclosing the liquids and the steam. The turbine is not 100% efficient at capturing and transferring energy to the electricity generator. Over all, the plant may lose potential energy because the source of heat may cool. This can be a result of the cooler water that’s being injected back into the Earth. The cooler water may reduce the temperature of the source over time. But, not injecting water back into the source would lose more potential energy because the source’s supply of water would run out. So the good and bad of injecting the water back into the water may offset each other. Building and using geothermal power plants is very low impact. A few acres of land may be used, with some minor industrial looking buildings built on the area. Geothermal power plants generally do not expel pollutants into the air and they don’t dump the extracted water somewhere on the surface. Only â€Å"open† systems expel gases into the air and these include Hydrogen sulfide, trace amounts of arsenic and other minerals. Hydrogen sulfide is toxic and is recognizable by its rotten egg smell. This would be bad if it was expelled from all of our cars, but the amount is very little and is not a major concern. This is only a concern with a part of the geothermal power plants, not the plants using â€Å"closed† systems. Generally the water drawn from the Earth is injected back down to resupply the source. The water usually consists of salts and minerals that would possibly interfere with the ecosystem of the surrounding area, but the water is usually injected back down. If it’s not injected, then the water wouldn’t be harmful the environment. Geothermal power plants are very low impact compared to the other forms of power production. The plants do however, cost around $100 million dollars to build, so companies don’t usually want to invest unless it’s clear that the plant will produce enough energy to be a profit. Plants that are built can produce electricity for between 4.5 and 7.3 cents per kilowatt-hour, putting them on a level of production close to that of new conventional fossil fuel power plants. Geothermal power plants are efficient and have a low environmental impact, making them good investments in the long run. Powering the entire world with geothermal power pl ants would greatly cut down on the production of green house gases and waste products. The planet Earth has enough geothermal sources that if tapped into with advanced technologies, we really could power the world. Page Brown, Warren (1994). Alternate Sources of Energy. U.S.: Chelsea House Publishers (2007). Wikipedia:Geothermal Power. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power Herda, D.J., Madden, M. (1991). Energy Resources:Towards a renewable future.U.S.: D.J. Herda and Margaret L. Madden. (2006). How Geothermal Energy Works. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from Union of Concerned Scientists Web site: ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/offmen-how-geothermal-energy-works.html (2006). Geothermal Power. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from ArticleWorld Web site: articleworld.org/Geothermal_power Research Papers on Geothermal Energy - How a Power Plant WorksAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Hockey GameRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAW

Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Ford Motor Company - Essay Example This report will give a comprehensive analysis of the external and internal factors and aspects that has lead the company to crisis. The first part of the analysis demonstrates a summary about the company and its problems in general. From the analysis in the second part it is found that poor management and decision making is the biggest problem of Ford. Ford is also loosing the market edge on Hybrid and Small cars segment. A fish bone diagram is used to represent the various challenges that have lead to the loss of profitability for Ford. The analysis helped to arrive at the issues which are management, competition, recession and quality. Excessive family control and poor decision making are the major management issues. Similarly, competition from Japanese car makers and other small and hybrid car makers are the major competition lead issues. Low demand and rippling effects of the recession are the recessionary issues. Finally product defects and recalls following that are the qualit y issues that affected ford. The analysis had also put forward various other solutions that will help the company to come back to profitability. Huge reduction of the family’s stake in the business is among the primary solution for Ford. The later part of the report describes a detailed cost benefit analysis for arriving at the right decision for the company. Some of the alternatives solutions available for Ford are as follows: invest huge in R&D, expand the market, develop more small cars, gradually exit the stake from other auto companies, invest in strategic alliances, gradually increase the marketing expenses, emphasize the message of quality. ... Ever since its inception Ford has acquired and sold many of the big brands in the industry. Jaguar & Land Rover and Volvo are the leading ones among them. Following the crisis that hit the company and which almost lead to their failure, it has to restructure itself thoroughly. As a part of it, Ford even discontinued its Mercury brand. Ford was one of the pioneers of ‘Mass Production’ concept. Ford introduced the assembly line system in the automobile production that enabled the roll-over of large number of cars within limited time. The Model T was the first Ford model to undergo assembly line production. â€Å"When the United States became involved in World War I (April 1917), the Ford Motor Company placed its resources at the disposal of the government.† (Funding Universe, 2011) Following the retirement of Henry Ford in 1918, the company’s operations were looked after by his son Edsel Ford. Ford faced the first financial problems in 1921 when the company h ad $58 million in debt and the company had only $20 million with them to meet this. But the various strategic moves that involved sales of maximum automobile and only through cash, reduction of inventories by one third, and various other cost reduction techniques helped them to increase cash inflow. Within no time Ford raised around $87 million which gave them a surplus amount even after meeting all its debt obligations. â€Å"The vision of Ford Motors is to become the world’s leading consumer company for automotive products and services. The mission statement of Ford is to that they are a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world.  We anticipate consumer need and deliver outstanding products and services that improve people's

Change management - ITIL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change management - ITIL - Essay Example ITIL or IT Infrastructural Library is an approach of best practices that adds value to the existing mechanisms of internal control and external exigencies like optimization of customer service and help foster vital linkages with business partners. ABC needs this approach broadly for the following reasons: ABC is a business proposition that is focused on the needs of the customers. It constantly needs to be aware of their fast transforming preferences so that it can meet their demands. ITIL would considerably contribute to meeting the challenges of customers’ changing requirements. The IT system is intrinsic part of organizational operations that not only integrates various units but also enhances it operational and administrative productivity and outcome. Thus unapproved changes within the system jeopardize the working and adversely impact on the performance of individuals who may be unaware of the changes and may lack the technical expertise to adapt to the changes without appropriate training on new system. Nutt (1990) believes that delivery of IT services is best served through flexible approach that incorporates the environmental changes and promotes development of goods and services to meet the requirements of customers. With ITIL, ABC would be constantly updated and will be able to apply innovative input to its product and services. Last but not the least important is the fact that ITIL would provide wide scope of improved performance at all levels of managerial and operational efficiency delivered by IT system throughout its lifecycle (Stainberg,

Look at the Picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Look at the Picture - Essay Example Possibly he and his partner, camera person, have taken a trip into the wild and have finally come to a point where they feel they need to capture the moment of their achievement. Again this does not fully explains why the boy holds a stack of stones in the picture. Why is the boy holding a bunch of stones with such pride as if he is holding a trophy? It could be that he has reached a place of significance, and the stones are from its rubbles. It could be a historical building which they have discovered. But if that were the case why have the boy and his partner taken a photograph of the stones and not of the building itself? This possibility could not be so. Perhaps it is not an old building but rather an old tree against which the boy is standing. The multiple layers of roots in the picture indicate that the place where the boy is standing is under a tree root or a trough of dirt. Maybe the boy is proud to have discovered an ancient tree which is about to collapse, and he wants to c apture the moment of discovery. The stones are merely mementos of the place, and he is proud of having discovered this minor but significant

Should Turkey be allowed to join the European Union?

Should Turkey be allowed to join the European Union? Executive Summary The membership of Turkey is one of the most controversial external relations issues of the European Union (EU).   Turkey is an important trading partner for the EU and provides many economic advantages to the union.   Additionally, it has a strategic location, allowing it to play an important regional and foreign policy role.   However, there are issues related to Turkey’s accession, such as large migration flows to more economically developed EU-15 countries as well as a substandard human rights situation within the country (Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 751).   Overall, this policy note recommends that Turkey should be allowed to join the EU on the basis of EU economic development and foreign policy advantages.   Despite the issues related to accession of Turkey into the EU, this paper argues that EU-membership will work as a catalyst for Turkish institutional reforms. Introduction Turkish entry into the European Union is a highly contentious issue.   Turkey has progressed on the way to EU membership in spite of persistent and increasing divergence of membership preferences (Schimmelfennig, 2009: 413-415).   Turkey, with its large, dynamic economy, is an important trading partner for the EU, it also has a strategic location, including on energy security, and plays an important regional role. Equally, the EU remains an important anchor for Turkey’s economic and political reform (Progress Report, 2013: 1).   This paper will first provide an analysis and outline of the different factors relating to the accession of Turkey into the EU.   It will explore economic factors, cultural factors and political factors.   Finally, this paper will recommend that Turkey should be allowed to join the EU due to its positive affect on EU economic development, as well as the fact that Turkey has made good progress in meeting a lot of the Accession criteria set out in the Copenhagen agreement.   This paper will also make recommendations on what Turkey must do in order to fully meet EU standards for accession. Context Turkey first became affiliated with the EU in 1963 after signing an associate membership agreement with the then European Community.   The decisions to give Turkey a membership perspective and to open accession negotiations have been highly controversial among member state governments and have tended to produce long and conflictive negotiations as well as uneasy compromises (Schimmelfennig, 2009: 414).   A major breakthrough came at the Helsinki meeting of the European Council in 1999, when Turkey attained status as a candidate for membership. It now has a so-called Accession Partnership with the EU, which means that the EU is working together with Turkey to enable it to adopt the acquis communautaire, which is the legal framework of the EU (Togan, 2004: 1013). The Copenhagen Criteria cover a state’s ability to take on the acquis communautaire, the economic criteria for a functional market economy, and above all, ‘stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities’ (Schimmelfennig, 2009: 420).   Overall, Turkey has made significant efforts to fulfil requested accession criteria through socio-economic and cultural convergence with EU Member States. Analysis Economic Factors Many studies have shown that economic factors play a significant role in shaping attitudes towards different aspects of European integration. Turkey’s progress on meeting the requirements of the Copenhagen Criteria is confirmed by socioeconomic indicators that describe the level of modernization of the country (Alber, 2007).   Turkey is the 17th largest economy globally, and the most current EU progress report states that Turkey has sufficient macroeconomic stability and the medium-term capability for integration into the single European market (Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 744).   Turkey is a large and fast expanding market, it is the largest market in the Middle East, Balkans and Caucasus. According to the World Bank, Turkish GDP is as large as 80 per cent of Russian GDP (Togan, 2004: 1043).   Turkey, located at the crossroads between Europe, Eurasia and the Middle East, has the potential to act as a major link between these markets.   With harmonization of commercial legislation, EU companies will be able to use Turkey as a joint investment and export base for the Middle East and Eurasia.   Moreover, Istanbul is emerging as transnational corporations’ headquarters for operations in the Caucasus and Central Asia. The EU will derive potential gains from increased trade in the region (Togan, 2004: 1043-1044). Overall, the Progress Report on Turkey’s EU Accession (2013: 4) states that Turkey is a functioning market economy, and should therefore be able to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union in the medium term.   Additionally, with Turkish accession current members will derive welfare gains from standard comparative advantage sources and also from growth effects of integration. This report argues that accession of Turkey to the EU will bring economic benefits for Turkey as well as to the EU itself.   The largest economic gains can be obtained through reforms of national institutions in Turkey that improve the functioning of the public sector and provide transparency to investors and traders (Lejour and Mooij, 2005: 117).   Integration will remove the distortions in the price system, boosting the allocative efï ¬ ciency in the economy, which in turn will make the country a better place to invest.   Furthermore, with accession Turkey will be eligible for EU structural funds. The increase in infrastructural investments will contribute to economic growth in Turkey. In addition, Turkey will reap beneï ¬ ts from monetary integration, and ï ¬ nally, Turkey will beneï ¬ t from migration of Turkish labour to the EU (Togan, 2004: 1042). The key theoretical constructs investigated to explain opposition to Turkey’s EU membership are related to rational economic self-interest and group-level interests and concerns (McClaren, 2007: 251).   Turkey is relatively poor and agricultural, it can therefore be argued that Turkish membership is likely to increase the divergence of living standards in the EU, create a high potential for labour migration and instigate demand for high net payments from the structural and agricultural funds.   Welfare gains that will be derived by Turkey from integration will have a price. The price will be the adjustment costs associated with the attainment of macroeconomic stability, adoption of CAP, liberalization of services and network industries, and complying with EU environmental directives (Togan, 2004: 1042). Migration/Cultural Factors In addition to direct fiscal implications, EU member states are subject to another possible economic consequence of Turkish accession, immigration.   Hostility to Turkey’s candidacy can be explained by the threatening context of Turkish migration (McClaren, 2007: 251).   It can be argued that migration flows could have negative economic consequences, such as increased competition in particular segments of the labour market.   In particular, countries in the more economically developed EU-15 are likely to be affected to the highest degree (Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 751), moreover it will likely take decades before Turkey attains an income level comparable to these countries.   This will continue to be a strong incentive for migration from Turkey to other EU countries, EU-15 countries fear that the immigrants will ‘depress wages, boost unemployment and cause social friction and political upheavals’ (Togan, 2004: 1031-1032). However, one assumption in the analysis of Turkish migration is that all labour is homogenous.   In reality labour is highly differentiated according to many factors, which results in the effects of migration for income distribution and social welfare becoming less clear-cut.   The empirical research on the economic effects of immigration indicates fairly small and on the whole positive effects.   ‘Employment opportunities are not affected much, the wage of low skilled labour is depressed somewhat but that of skilled labour is raised, and the net present value of public transfers is positive’ (Togan, 2004: 1043).   Therefore, this paper argues that with appropriate measures, immigration is not necessarily a negative consequence of Turkey’s accession into the EU. It is not just the threat to resources presented by Turks that affects feelings about the Turkish candidacy, threats to culture and way of life are likely to be particularly strong in the Turkish case (Ivarsflaten, 2005).   In addition to the possible problem of being perceived as traditional or backward, Turkey faces the potential difficulty of being predominantly Muslim (McClaren, 2007: 258).   The recent drawbacks in the negotiations of the EU with Croatia, Serbia, and Turkey have been caused by issues of national identity related to legacies of ethnic conflict that are likely to create high political costs to the target governments. As a result, whereas consistency has remained high, effectiveness is reduced (Schimmelfennig, 2004: 918).   Nevertheless, sociostructural differences between Turkey and the EU Member States have been shrinking.   The percentage of the Turkish population working in agriculture has sunk, education levels have risen and the overall standard of living has increased (Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 744). The commission critiques Turkey on its human rights situation, on its limited freedom of speech and on its lack of gender equality.   However, according to the Freedom House Index, Turkey has improved consistently in its level of democratization, political freedom and civil liberties over recent years (Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 744).   Overall, these improvements represent measurable developments regarding Turkey’s convergence with the EU and its fulfilment of EU accession criteria.   Additionally, Freedom in the Press has improved, however, it still has a long way to go in order to reach the levels of freedom held by EU-15 countries.   Key provisions of the Turkish legal framework and their interpretation by members of the judiciary continue to hamper freedom of expression, including freedom of the media (Progress Report, 2013: 2). Foreign Policy The commission emphasized Turkey’s increasingly important foreign policy significance for Europe, for example its intermediary role between Syria and Israel, its diplomatic approaches with Armenia, and above all, its role in the military conflict between Russia and Georgia (Schmid, 2008).   Turkey has continued to play an important role in its wider neighbourhood, for example expanding its activities as a non-traditional donor in the Horn of Africa, supporting democratic transition in North Africa, and enhancing cooperation with and between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It has played a particularly important role on Syria, supporting the development of a more unified opposition and providing vital humanitarian assistance to large numbers of Syrians fleeing their country (Progress Report, 2013: 3).   This suggests Turkey is meeting criteria of the Copenhagen Agreement such as the rule of law and the respect for and protection of minorities.   According to the Commission (2008b), expansion in general and Turkish membership specifically would strengthen the EU’s foreign policy weight in the world.   Furthermore, Turkey’s geographic location makes it well-suited as a transit country for oil and natural gas and it could therefore play a strategic role in securing the EU’s energy supply (Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 744).   Turkish membership could help to secure stability and security in the Balkans and Caucasus. The EU could then increase its energy security and also decrease its defence expenditures (Togan, 2004: 1043-1044).   This paper argues that this is indication that Turkey should be allowed to join the EU. Recommendations In order to maintain its impact on political reform under the conditions of political unrest, the EU will need to reassure applicant governments of the credibility of its commitment to enlargement and move negotiations with Turkey closer to the endgame.   Creating uncertainty about admission even after full compliance destroys this credibility and will reduce the effectiveness of conditionality even further (schimmelfennig, 2008: 933).   Overall, this policy note recommends that Turkey should be allowed to join the EU on the basis of EU economic development and foreign policy advantages provided it agrees to make continued efforts in the realm of human rights.   The issues with regards to human rights in Turkey underline the importance for the EU to enhance its engagement with Turkey.   This paper recommends that the overall legal framework and practice on the intervention of law enforcement officers should be brought in line with European standards to guarantee under all circumstances the right to freedom of assembly.   Additionally, an ECHR-compatible legal framework has yet to be established on matters of faith and conscientious objection.   Substantial efforts are needed to effectively guarantee the rights of women, children and LGBT individuals (Progress Report, 2013: 2).   These shortcomings need to be addressed in order for Turkey to be a successful member of the EU. In regards to immigration associated with the accession of Turkey to the EU, this paper recommends that government leaders will need to adopt measures to allay fears among EU citizens, perhaps including provision for a waiting period on the free movement of labour provision (McClaren, 2007: 274, Gerhards and Hans, 2011: 763). In conclusion, this report argues that EU-membership will work as a catalyst for Turkish institutional reforms.   Turkey has made progress towards meeting a good amount of the accession criteria, and by becoming a member of the EU, Turkey has to conform to all EU legislation and enforcement by the European Court of Justice.   Furthemore, via the method of open coordination, Turkey will regularly be assessed by the European Commission and other member countries on its economic policies.   EU membership can thus trigger institutional reform in Turkey and reduce widespread corruption (Lejour and de Mooij, 2005: 101).   Bibliography Alber, J. (2007) ‘Where Turkey Stands in Europa and why it Should Be Admitted to the EU’. Discussion Paper SP I 2007-205, Social Science Research Center. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6628025.pdf Accessed 11 Nov 2016. Commission of the European Communities (2008b) ‘Enlargement strategy and main challenges 2008–2009. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament’. COM. Pp. 1-66. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/keydocuments/reports_nov_2008/strategy_paper_incl_country_conclu_en.pdf Accessed 7 Nov 2016. European Commission working document (2013) – ‘Turkey 2013 Progress Report’. http://vle.exeter.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/724824/mod_resource/content/1/European%20Commission%20working%20document%20-%20progress%20on%20Turkeys%20EU%20accession%202013.pdf Accessed 2 Nov 2016. Gerhards, J. and Hans, S. (2011) ‘Why not Turkey? Attitudes towards Turkish Membership in the EU among Citizens in 27 European Countries.’ Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 49 (4), pp. 741–766. http://vle.exeter.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/724823/mod_resource/content/1/j.14685965.2010.02155.x.pdf   Accessed 5 Nov 2016. Ivarsflaten, E. (2005) ‘Threatened by Diversity: Why Restrictive Asylum and Immigration Policies Appeal to Western Europeans’. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. Vol.15(1), pp. 21–45. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13689880500064577 Accessed 8 Nov 2016. Lejour, A. M. and de Mooij, R. A. (2005) ‘Turkish Delight: Does Turkey’s Accession to the EU Bring Economic Benefits?’ Kyklos. Vol. 58 (1), pp. 87-120. http://0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.lib.exeter.ac.uk/doi/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00279.x/epdf Accessed 6 Nov 2016. McClaren, L.M. (2007) ‘Explaining opposition to Turkish membership of the EU.’ European Union Politics. Vol. 8 (2), pp. 251-278. http://vle.exeter.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/724821/mod_resource/content/1/European%20Union%20Politics-2007-McLaren-251-78.pdf Accessed 1 Nov 2016. Schimmelfennig, F. (2008) ‘EU political accession conditionality after the 2004 enlargement: consistency and effectiveness’. Journal of European Public Policy. Vol. 15 (6), pp. 918-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501760802196861 Accessed 8 Nov 2016. Schimmelfennig, F. (2009)’Entrapped again: The way to EU membership negotiations with Turkey’, International Politics. Vol. 46 (4), pp. 413-431. http://vle.exeter.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/724822/mod_resource/content/1/ip20095a.pdf Accessed 3 Nov 2016. Schmid, F. (2008) ‘Strategiepapier zur EU-Erweiterung. Brà ¼ssel lobpreist die Tà ¼rkei’. Financial Times Deutschland, 28 October. Togan, S. (2004) ‘Turkey: Toward EU Accession’, The World Economy. Vol. 27 (7),   pp. 1013–1045. http://0onlinelibrary.wiley.com.lib.exeter.ac.uk/doi/10.1111/j.03785920.2004.00641.x/abstract;jsessionid=915358403C934900F4FE9BD17D95BEE2.f02t04 Accessed 12 Nov 2016

Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attempting to make decisions is difficult when one experiences doubt in one’s mind or when one’s upbringing goes against it. In “Huck Finn'; by Mark Twain , the main character Huck has to first confront doubts and then form plans to surmount an impossibly tragic end. These efforts demonstrate that one’s upbringing and morals are sometimes insufficient to cope with the immense problems that arise along a journey, and that the decisions one must make must come from the heart. During this story Huck solves many problems by listening to his heart. Although he believes that he is doing wrong and that people and god will look down upon him, he is actually doing what is morally correct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the story Huck runs away from his friends and family to Jacksons Island. On Jacksons Island he is confronted by Jim who is a runaway slave. Jim being an African American is looked down on by society. When Huck is faced with the decision of choosing to rat on Jim or keep his secret Huck has a hard time. He knows subconsciously that Jim has done something wrong. Yet he follows his heart and decides to keep Jims secret. He says'; people would call me a low-down abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum';. Huck here shows that he isn’t only running away form home but He’s running away from everything that home stands for. This happens many times in the story. Huck starts to see Jim as a friend rather then a black man. When Huck plays the prank on Jim after the raft gets separated Huck apologized to Jim. He knew society would have never apologized to a black person. But now Huck listens to his heart not what society has taught him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times in the book Huck actually comes face to face with telling on Jim but in the end doesn’t. The first incident occurred while being faced by two men looking for a runaway slave. He was directly faced with the choice of “doing the right thing'; or turning Jim in. He decides to do the wrong thing and tells the men he’s traveling with a white man. The next time is when he writes the note to Miss Watson telling her about Jim. After thinking he says “seem to strike no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind';.